Table 5 Cephalometric measurements calculated from the reference landmarks and those placed by the students. Descriptive statistics with mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) as well as the results of t tests (assuming heterogeneous variances)

Facial axis (\(^\circ\))

94.41

1.63

94.32

3.75

0.90

Facial depth (\(^\circ\))

86.03

0.41

85.08

2.87

<0.00

SNB (\(^\circ\))

75.74

0.53

75.58

1.45

0.54

Mandibular plane (\(^\circ\))

19.76

0.63

21.02

3.12

<0.00

Inner gonion angle (\(^\circ\))

150.38

4.14

151.32

5.98

0.61

Rel. mand. length (mm)

96.31

1.24

100.63

3.86

<0.00

Maxillary position (\(^\circ\))

63.33

1.37

62.81

3.10

0.43

SNA (\(^\circ\))

79.84

1.24

79.96

2.55

0.84

Palatal plane (\(^\circ\))

-4.09

0.67

-3.35

3.40

0.08

Rel. max. length (mm)

83.09

1.54

86.56

3.16

<0.00

Lower facial height (\(^\circ\))

35.60

1.06

36.16

2.00

0.27

Convexity of point A (mm)

3.25

0.90

3.64

1.66

0.35

Rel. max./mand. length

1.17

0.05

1.17

0.05

0.96

Lower incisor position (mm)

0.55

0.61

0.46

1.17

0.76

Lower incisor inclination (\(^\circ\))

25.00

1.43

24.41

2.99

0.39

Upper incisor position (mm)

5.76

0.56

5.44

0.97

0.24

Upper incisor inclination (\(^\circ\))

30.30

0.68

30.85

2.58

0.15

Inter incisor angle (\(^\circ\))

124.70

1.16

124.74

2.63

0.94

Vertical molar distance (mm)

-0.94

1.30

-0.66

2.18

0.64

Sagittal molar distance (mm)

18.26

3.17

19.16

5.13

0.53

Lower lip to E-line (mm)

-3.96

0.35

-3.92

0.42

0.84

Upper lip drape (\(^\circ\))

83.25

0.87

82.68

3.50

0.24