Table 1 Definitions of the Landmarks used in the 22-item cephalometric analysis of the University of Münster as shown in the software
From: Accuracy and tracing time of cephalometric analyses on a tablet or desktop computer
Landmark | Definition |
|---|---|
S | Center of the bony sella turcica crypt. |
N | Most anterior point of the nasofrontal suture. |
P | Upper border of the external acoustic meatus. |
Ba | Lowest point of the occipital bone at the anterior border of the foramen occipitale magnum in the median sagittal plane. |
Or | Lowest point of the bony margin of the orbit. |
Pt | Intersection of the lower boundary of the foramen rotundum with the posterior margin of the pterygopalatine fossa. |
Spp | Most posterior point of the horizontal part of the palatine bone. |
Spa | Anterior tip of the anterior nasal spine. Lowest and most anterior point of the piriform aperture. |
A | Most dorsal point of the anterior curvature of the maxilla between the alveolar process and Spa. |
Co | Highest point on the head of the condylar process. |
DC | Midpoint of the condylar process on the [BaN] line. |
R1 | Lowest point of the curvature. |
R2 | Constructed parallel to FH. |
R3 | Lowest point. |
R4 | Constructed perpendicular to FH. |
Xi | Center of the ramus of the mandible. |
hT | Most caudal point of the body of the mandible. |
Me | Caudal point of the outer contour of the symphysis. |
Po | Most ventral point of the bony chin. |
B | Lowest point of the outer contour between the mandible base and the alveolar process. |
Pm | Inflection point between B and Po. |
Gnk | Intersection of MP (hT-Me) and FP (N-Po). |
UpIe | Most anterior point of the upper incisal edges. |
UpIa | Apex of the most anterior upper central incisor. |
LoIe | Most anterior point of the lower incisal edge. |
LoIa | Apex of the most anterior lower central incisor. |
1UpMdc | Distal contact point of the first upper molar. |
1UpMma | Apex of the mesial root of the first upper molar. |
Ap | Most anterior point of the nose. |
Sn | Most posterior superior point of the nasolabial curvature. |
UpL | Point at the junction of philtrum and upper lip. |
LoL | Most anterior point of the lower lip. |
Pom | Most ventral point of the chin contour. |