Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Ma (2023) [31]

CCT

21.05 ± 2.66

Class III/lower anterior teeth

15.65 vs. 23.3 m post-treatment

T:PAOO

n = 18

C:Conventional

Orthodontics

n = 18

T:15.65 ± 4.13

C:23.3 ± 4.52

T:0.58 ± 0.71

C:-0.14 ± 0.3

T:-1.16 ± 1.06

C:-0.82 ± 0.64

N/A

N/A

N/A

Wang (2022) [32]

CCT

23.43 ± 3.63

Class II/anterior teeth

24.43 vs. 31.16 m post-treatment

T:PAOO

n = 13

C:Conventional

Orthodontics

n = 13

T:24.43 ± 2.53

C:31.16 ± 4.17

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Wu (2015) [33]

CCT

20.35 ± 1.79

Class III/upper anterior teeth

12.48 vs. 18.87 m post-treatment

T:PAOO

n = 12

C:Conventional

Orthodontics

n = 12

T:12.48 ± 2.17

C:18.87 ± 4.17

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Sirri (2020) [34]

RCT

21.4 ± 1.63

Mild or moderate crowding /lower anterior teeth

3.83 vs. 5.24 m post-treatment

T:Corticotomy

n = 30

C:Conventional

Orthodontics n = 30

T:3.82 ± 0.52

C:5.24 ± 0.45

N/A

N/A

N/A

PD T:0.63 ± 0.37 C:0.65 ± 0.36

GI T:0.24 ± 0.22 C:0.16 ± 0.2

PI T:0.78 ± 0.24 C:0.61 ± 0.12

N/A

Sultana (2022) [35]

RCT

21.0 ± 2.58

Severe crowding /upper anterior teeth

2 m post-treatment

T:Corticotomy n = 6

C:Conventional

Orthodontics n = 7

T:4.05 ± 0.6

C:5.09 ± 0.73

N/A

N/A

N/A

PD T:0.08 ± 0.12 C:0.07 ± 0.06

N/A

Uribe (2017) [36]

RCT

29.7 ± 11.0

moderate crowding /lower  anterior teeth

7 m post-treatment

T:Corticotomy n = 16

C:Conventional

Orthodontics n = 13

T:3.35 ± 1.14

C:3.67 ± 1.51

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Ahn (2016) [37]

CCT

22.29 ± 4.94

Class III/lower anterior teeth

8.7 vs. 10.9 m post-presurgical orthodontic

T:PAOO

n = 15

C:Conventional

Orthodontics

n = 15

N/A

T:-0.12 ± 0.48

C:-0.44 ± 0.31

T:-0.6 ± 0.59

C:-0.67 ± 0.63

N/A

N/A

N/A

Jing (2020) [38]

CCT

22.6

Class III/anterior teeth

6 m after surgery

T:PAOO

n = 47

C:Conventional

Orthodontics

n = 13

N/A

T:0.55 ± 0.64

C:-0.25 ± 0.23

N/A

T:0.34 ± 1.20 C:0.17 ± 1.22

N/A

N/A

Xu (2020) [39]

CCT

18–30

Class III/upper anterior teeth

6 m after surgery

T:PAOO

n = 10

C:Conventional

Orthodontics

n = 10

N/A

T:0.04 ± 0.46

C:-0.29 ± 0.23

N/A

T:0.35 ± 0.77 C:0.25 ± 0.87

N/A

N/A

Kilinc (2023) [40]

RCT

17.30 ± 2.23

moderate crowding /lower anterior teeth

4 m post-treatment

T:Corticotomy n = 15

C:Conventional

Orthodontics n = 15

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

PD T:0.03 ± 0.31 C:0.03 ± 0.27

GI T:0.08 ± 0.53 C:0.42 ± 0.5

PI T:0.3 ± 0.64 C:0.44 ± 0.55

N/A

Wilcko (2015) [41]

CCT

29.9 ± 12.2

Class I/II/III/lower anterior teeth

19.4 vs. 15.9 m post-treatment

T:PAOO

n = 35

C:Conventional

Orthodontics n = 35

T:7.1 ± 1.7

C: 22.1 ± 6.8

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Wang (2013) [19]

CCT

24.2 ± 3.6

Class III /lower anterior teeth

7.8 vs. 13.3 m post-treatment

T:PAOO

n = 26

C:Conventional

Orthodontics

n = 30

T:7.8 ± 4.2 C:13.3 ± 3.5

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Aksakalli (2016) [42]

RCT

16.3 ± 2.4

Class II/canine

3.54 vs. 5.59 m post-treatment

T:Corticotomy

n = 10

C:Conventional

Orthodontics

n = 10

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

T:2.90 ± 0.86

C: 1.73 ± 0.72

Alfawal (2018) [4]

RCT

18.08 ± 3.5

Class II/upper anterior teeth

3 m after surgery

T:Corticotomy

n = 17

C:Conventional

Orthodontics

n = 17

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

T:3.57 ± 0.48

C:2.7 ± 0.27

Çağlı (2021) [43]

RCT

14–22

Class II/upper anterior teeth

3 m after surgery

T:Corticotomy n = 12

C:Conventional

Orthodontics n = 12

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

PD T:-0.02 ± 0.01 C:-0.02 ± 0.01

PI P > 0.05

GI P > 0.05

T:2.88 ± 0.13

C:2.19 ± 0.11

Raj (2020) [44]

RCT

23.18 ± 1.41

Class II/canine

6 m after surgery

T:Corticotomy n = 20

C:Conventional

Orthodontics n = 20

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

PD

T:-0.05 ± 0.15

C:-0.06 ± 0.58

N/A

Shoreibah (2012) [45]

RCT

24.5

Moderate crowding /lower anterior teeth

6 m after surgery

T1:Corticotomy n = 10

T2:PAOO

n = 10

N/A

Bone density(%)

T1:-17.60 ± 5.77

T2:25.85 ± 15.64

T1:-0.06 ± 0.03

T2:-0.05 ± 0.03

N/A

PD

T1:-1.43 ± 0.24

T2:-1.56 ± 0.61

N/A

Bahammam (2016) [46]

RCT

21.2 ± 1.43

Moderate crowding/lower anterior teeth

9 m after surgery

T1:Corticotomy n = 11

T2:PAOO

n = 11

N/A

Bone density(%)

T1:0.87 ± 15.28

T2:22.85 ± 16.87

T1:-0.03 ± 0.67

T2:-0.04 ± 0.53

N/A

PD

T1:-0.36 ± 0.09

T2:-0.37 ± 0.08

N/A

Agrawal (2018) [47]

RCT

21.9 ± 2.13

Class I & II/canine

t1 Before orthodontic treatment t2 post- treatment

T1:Corticotomy n = 10

T2:PAOO

n = 10

N/A

N/A

T1:-0.2 ± 0.26

T2:-0.14 ± 0.36

N/A

N/A

N/A