Table 1 Animal models related to traumatic TMJ ankylosis in the past 40Â years
From: Current concepts in the pathogenesis of traumatic temporomandibular joint ankylosis
Author | Year | Animal | Age/weight | Group | n | Last Time-point | Induction methods | Results | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Bilateral/ unilateral | Condyle | Disc | Glenoid fossa | Others | Â |
Stevenson[30] | 1979 | Baboon | Juvenile | 1 | 1 | 32Â weeks | Bilateral | Not handled | Not handled | Not handled | Prolonged immobilization until sacrifice | No ankylosis |
| Â | Â | Â | Juvenile | 2 | 1 | 32Â weeks | Bilateral | Bilateral fracture | Not handled | Not handled | Prolonged immobilization until sacrifice | No ankylosis |
| Â | Â | Â | Juvenile | 3 | 2 | 32Â weeks | Bilateral | Bilateral fracture | Bilateral discectomy | Not handled | Immobilization for 6Â weeks | No ankylosis |
| Â | Â | Â | Juvenile | 4 | 2 | 32Â weeks | Bilateral | Bilateral fracture | Bilateral discectomy | Not handled | Prolonged immobilization until sacrifice | Fibrous ankylosis |
Markey et al.[34] | 1980 | Monkey | 23–27 months | 1 | 2 | 1 year | Unilateral | Intracapsular condylar fracture | Not handled | Not handled | Intermaxillary fixation for 10 weeks | No ankylosis |
|  |  |  | 22–26 months | 2 | 2 | 8 months | Unilateral | Intracapsular condylar fracture with inversion of condylar head | Not handled | Not handled | Intermaxillary fixation for 10 weeks | No ankylosis |
|  |  |  | 22–26 months | 3 | 2 | 6 months | Unilateral | Intracapsular condylar fracture with inversion of condylar head | Discectomy | Removal of temporal surface until bleeding | Intermaxillary fixation for 10 weeks | No ankylosis |
Hohl et al.[35] | 1981 | Monkey | 1–2 years | 1 | 2 | 16 months | Unilateral | Morcellate condylar head | Discectomy | Decorticated | Bone graft in joint space | One was complete ankylosis, the other partial ankylosis. |
Ishimaru and Goss[36] | 1992 | Sheep | Adult/60Â kg | 1 | 5 | 3Â months | Unilateral | Removal of fibrous layer and underlying cartilage of the condyle | Not handled | Not handled | No | Osteoarthritis: eburnated condyle with osteophytes, thin or perforated discs, and temporal surface proliferation |
Ogi et al.[37] | 1996 | Sheep | Adult/60Â kg | 1 | 4 | 6Â months | Bilateral | Removal of fibrous layer and cartilage of the bilateral condyle | 3Â months later removal the unilateral disc | Not handled | No | No ankylosis: fibrous repair of the articular surfaces |
Yao et al.[38] | 1999 | Minipig | Young | 1 | 6 | 6Â months | Unilateral | Transverse fracture | Not handled | Not handled | No | TMJ adaptive changes |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | 2 | 6 | 6Â months | Unilateral | Longitudinal fracture (namely Sagittal condylar fracture) | Not handled | Not handled | No | No ankylosis: bifid condyle deformity and adhesion between disc and condyle |
Miyamoto et al.[32] | 1999 | Sheep | Adult | 1 | 6 | 3Â months | Unilateral | Exision of 5Â mm condylar head | Not handled | Removal of temporal surface until bleeding | No | No ankylosis: fibrous repair of the articular surfaces |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | 2 | 6 | 3Â months | Unilateral | Exision of 5Â mm condylar head | discectomy | Removal of temporal surface until bleeding | No | Fibrous ankylosis |
Miyamoto et al.[39] | 2000 | Sheep | Adult | 1 | 6 | 3Â months | Unilateral | Exision of 5Â mm condylar head | discectomy | Removal of temporal surface until bleeding | No | Fibrous ankylosis |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | 2 | 6 | 3Â months | Unilateral | Exision of 5Â mm condylar head | discectomy | Removal of temporal surface until bleeding | Insertion of intra-articular bone fragment | More extensive fibrous ankylosis with isolated bony island in the joint space |
Miyamoto et al.[29] | 2000 | Sheep | Adult | 1 | 9 | 3Â months | Unilateral | Exision of 5Â mm condylar head | discectomy | Removal of temporal surface until bleeding | No | Fibrous ankylosis |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | 2 | 9 | 3Â months | Unilateral | Exision of 5Â mm condylar head | discectomy | Removal of temporal surface until bleeding | Limit jaw movements by a wire | Fibrous ankylosis was hastened at early stage, but not at advanced stage |
Ozten et al.[40] | 2004 | Guinea pigs | Young/250Â g | 1 | 10 | 2Â months | Bilateral /unilateral | Not handled | Not handled | Not handled | Autologous blood injection into joint space | No ankylosis |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | 2 | 10 | 2Â months | Bilateral /unilateral | Damage the articular surface by blunt trauma | Preservation of disc | Damage the articular surface by blunt trauma | No | They claimed fibrous tissue formed in the joint, and ankylosis was achieved. |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | 3 | 10 | 2Â months | Bilateral /unilateral | Condyle neck fracture | Not handled | Not handled | No | No ankylosis |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | 4 | 10 | 2Â months | Bilateral /unilateral | Excision of condyle head | Not handled | Not handled | no | They claimed marked osseous tissue formed, and ankylosis was achieved. |
2007 | Sheep | 2-year-old | 1 | 10 | 12Â weeks | Unilateral | Type B intracapsular condylar fracture | Disc displacement | Not handled | No | Osteoarthritis with progressive changes toward ankylosis | |
Cheung et al.[23] | 2007 | Minipig and goat | About 40 kg for minipig, 22 kg for gaots | 1 | 3 + 3 | 3 months | Bilateral | Exision of 8 mm condylar head | Discectomy on one side, disc preservation on the other side | Not handled on the side of disc preservation, roughed the glenoid fossa on the side of discectomy | Autogenous bone graft on the side of discectomy | Fibrous ankylosis or fibro-bony ankylosis on the side of discectomy, no ankylosis on the side of disc preservation |
| Â | Â | Goat | About 27Â kg | 2 | 3 | 3Â months | Bilateral | Exision of 8Â mm condylar head | Discectomy | Roughed the glenoid fossa | Autogenous bone graft | bony ankylosis on both sides |
Porto et al.[20] | 2008 | Rat | Adult | 1 | 30 | 90Â days | Unilateral | Damaged by a file | Disc removal | Damaged by a file | No | Fibrous ankylosis, no bony bridge was observed |
Li et al.[21] | 2009 | Rat | 1-month-old/growing | 1 | 12 | 12Â weeks | Unilateral | Damage to the condylar cartilage with displaced subcondylar head fracture | Damaged the attachments of disc | Not handled | No | Fibrous ankylosis |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | 2 | 12 | 12Â weeks | Unilateral | Displaced subcondylar head fracture | Not handled | Not handled | No | No ankylosis |
Porto et al.[43] | 2011 | Rat | Adult | 1 | 18 | 60Â days | Unilateral | Damaged by a file | Disc removal | Damaged by a file | Bone graft in joint space | Fibrous ankylosis, no bony bridge was observed |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | 2 | 18 | 60Â days | Unilateral | Damaged by a file | Disc removal | Damaged by a file | Stem cells placed in joint space | Fibrous ankylosis with cartilage, but no bony bridge was observed |
Rodrigues et al.[33] | 2011 | Rat | Adult | 1 | 15 | 3Â months | Unilateral | Not handled | Not handled | Not handled | A hypoprotein diet | Atrophy of the fibrocartilage of the articular surfaces |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | 2 | 15 | 3Â months | Unilateral | Condylar fracture | Not handled | Not handled | A hypoprotein diet | Fibrous ankylosis |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | 3 | 15 | 3Â months | Unilateral | Condylar fracture | Not handled | Not handled | An ordinary diet | Fracture healing normally |
Yan et al.[22] | 2013 | Sheep | About 20Â kg | 1 | 6 | 6Â months | Bilateral | Sagittal condylar fracture | Discectomy on one side, disc preservation on the other side | Not handled on the side of disc preservation, minor damage to the glenoid fossa on the side of discectomy | No | Fibrous ankylosis on the side of discectomy, no ankylosis on the side of disc preservation |
| Â | Â | Â | About 20Â kg | 2 | 7 | 6Â months | Bilateral | Sagittal condylar fracture | Discectomy on one side, disc preservation on the other side | Not handled on the side of disc preservation, severe damage to the glenoid fossa on the side of discectomy | No | Fibro-bony ankylosis and bony ankylosis on the side of discectomy, no ankylosis on the side of disc preservation |